Why Did Judge Hall Choose John Jameson for Celia’s...

Why did Judge Hall choose John Jameson for Celia’s defense? Given the impact of the slavery issue upon Missouri’s politics at the time, the Judge Hall hoped for the trail to be conducted as expeditiously and decorously as possible, in a manner that ran the least risk of arousing the ire of either camp. Judge Hall needed a capable attorney, one of considerable standing in the community. He needed an attorney with proven political sensibilities, one who had not participated significantly in the slavery debates. In short, he needed an attorney who could be depended upon to give Celia a credible defense, one whose presence would make it difficult for slavery’s critics to label the trial a farce or sham and one who would not arouse the†¦show more content†¦Hardly more than a month following Lincolns victory came declarations of secession by South Carolina and other states, which were rejected as illegal by outgoing President James Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln. The election of Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession.[74] Efforts at compromise, including the Corwin Amendment and the Crittenden Compromise, failed. Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction. The slave states, which had already become a minority in the House of Representatives, were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North. Before Lincoln took office in March 1861, seven slave states had declared their secession and joined together to form the Confederacy. 1. West expansion 2. State rights 3. Economics 4. Irrepressible conflict 5. Slavery Causes of secession The Abolitionist movement in the United States had roots in the Declaration of Independence. Slavery was banned in the Northwest Territory with the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. By 1804 all the Northern states had passed laws to gradually abolish slavery. Congress banned the African slave-trade in 1808, although slavery grew in new states in the deep south. The Union was divided along

Raising The Legal Drinking Age - 1900 Words

Everyday there is an alcohol related incident in the world. The poor decision making by young adults cost people’s lives everyday. The original drinking age was 18 years old, it was changed because scientists discovered the brain doesn t fully develop until the age of 21. But what people don’t know is that the brain fully matures at the age of 25 years old. Car rental places have the age at 25 to be able to rent a car because of young people decision making on drinking and driving. For students in college alcohol can ruin not only their future of becoming something but it can ruin their life by doing stupid things. Most college kids who stay out and party in college fail or flunk out. The dangers of drinking young can lead to many things,†¦show more content†¦Also at this age everyone knows the rules of drinking alcohol, that they shouldn t drive and not to have too much but younger people think much differently. Younger adults still teenagers think they can st ay out drink and party all night and sneak back home by driving. Little do they know almost all alcohol related deaths and accidents happen this way because of what the younger mind thinks. The very first reason why the drinking age of 21 should be raised to 25 is because the brain and your body full reaches its maturity by the age of 25 years old. With age limit to age 25 it changes a lot of things on the road for people who are driving, walking , and the other drivers. It creates a more safe environment for the people surrounding you while you drive instead of driving intoxicated.If the alcohol age is raised to 25 at a more mature age it could cause a more profound effect on the body when there older( narconon). What this means is that not drinking at a young age will make you body fully develop without any problems, but if you do drink you put yourself at risk for when you re older because your body never got the chance to develop in certain places.Young adults that live in neigh borhoods with bars or nightclubs are being sold alcohol and driving home because they think it s a short drive, an older age of maturity would stop the thinking of driving(Drinking Age ProCon.org).Younger drivers that think about driving home when they drink

Mitochondria free essay sample

Mitochondria are the cells power producers. They convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell. Located in the cytoplasm, they are the sites of cellular respiration which ultimately generates fuel for the cells activities. Mitochondria are also involved in other cell processes such as cell division and growth, as well as cell death. They convert oxygen and nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the chemical energy currency of the cell that powers the cells metabolic activities. This process is called aerobic respiration and is the reason animals breathe oxygen. Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. Each of these membranes is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The outermost membrane is smooth while the inner membrane has many folds. These folds are called cristae. The folds enhance the productivity of cellular respiration by increasing the available surface area. The double membranes divide the mitochondrion into two distinct parts: the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix. We will write a custom essay sample on Mitochondria or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The intermembrane space is the narrow part between the two membranes while the mitochondrial matrix is the part enclosed by the innermost membrane. Several of the steps in cellular respiration occur in the matrix due to its high concentration of enzymes. Mitochondria are semi-autonomous in that they are only partially dependent on the cell to replicate and grow. They have their own DNA, ribosomes and can make their own proteins. Similar to bacteria, mitochondria have circular DNA and replicate by a reproductive process called fission. The inner membrane selects over what materials are allowed through it and it is known that active transport mechanisms involving translocase enzymes are responsible for the movement of ADP and ATP across it. Mitochondria use respiration to brake down high energy molecules such as sugars and store that energy as ATP (produced from ADP a phosphate) The raw materials used to generate ATP are the foods that we eat, or tissues within the body that are broken down in a process called catabolism. The breaking down of food into simpler molecules such as carbohydrates, fats, and protein is called metabolism. These molecules are then transferred into the mitochondria, where further processing occurs. The reactions within the mitochondria produce specific molecules that can have their electrical charges separated within the inner mitochondrial membrane. These charged molecules are processed within the five electron transport chain complexes to finally combine with oxygen to make ATP. The process of the charged substances combining with oxygen is called oxidation, while the chemical reaction making ATP is called phosphorylation. The overall process is called oxidative phosphorylation. The product produced by this process is ATP. Using Oxygen to Release Energy Mitochondria are used in cellular respiration. The matrix is filled with water and proteins (enzymes). Those proteins take food molecules and combine them with oxygen. The mitochondria are the only place in the cell where oxygen can be combined with the food molecules. After the oxygen is added, the material can be digested. They are working organelles that keep the cell full of energy. On the ethical implications of mitochondrial DNA analysis: Mitochondrial DNA analysis is a somewhat different type of DNA analysis compared to other techniques used today. It generally works well on samples that are unable to be analysed through numerous other techniques. So is There a Risk From Complete mtDNA Sequencing ? Yes, and the risk from having a complete mtDNA sequencing begins when a person first thinks about ordering the test as for the first time it is possible to have a test performed for genealogical purposes that can actually affect the persons well being. Before agreeing to mtDNA sequencing it is important to consider just how one might be affected by the results. Fortunately, for about 90-95% of people the results will not show any mutations of medical significance. But this means that about 5-10% of people can expect results that show a significant mutation—for example, as is shown in Table 12 where the subject has the significant mutation at A4295G. Because of the random nature of mutations, it is impossible to predict in advance who might receive such results. The figure of 5-10% is the present authors estimate from studying the mutations found in all of the 2,500 published complete mtDNA sequences. It is possible that some of the sequences have been published by the researchers because of the mutations that the sequences contain—this would make the 5-10% figure too high. But against this, mutations associated with medical conditions continue to be identified—this would raise the figure. The author suggests the figure of 5-10% when mtDNA is sequenced for genealogical purposes. Besides the person themselves worrying, should they be telling other people that they are going to be tested? And, if so, who should be told? Close relatives and doctors, perhaps. But probably not at this early stage an employer or health insurance company. It is difficult to judge how important pre-testing anxietymight become, but for some people, fear of adverse results will quite properly stop them from undergoing the testing. However, if mtDNA sequencing is undertaken it becomes important to determine just how significant the results might be. The results for the Haplogroup H9 person shown earlier, demonstrate that test results can suggest there are no adverse medical mutations, and in such a case there would not appear to be any reason for concern. For the great majority of tests the outcome will be similar. But what about a case such as that for the Haplogroup K1 person (shown earlier)? Here the results suggest that the subject has a mutation linked to a significant heart condition. In such a situation it would seem important to convey things in their proper proportions and give the person the most complete understanding of the situation as is possible. In most instances it would be sufficient to explain that most mtDNA mutations do not cause the disease with which they are associated, but rather explain why the particular condition might arise. Just at present it would seem that most genealogical testing companies are not involving themselves in analysing their results for any medical implications; and it is uncertain how such service might be provided. But what is clear is that counselling people who have been been found to have important mutations will not be easy, and perhaps will lead to as many unanswerable questions being posed, as questions for which answers can be given. But it is not just the person who receives test results indicating possible medical problems who is affected—other family members will also have obvious concerns. A mother who receives adverse test results will certainly worry about the health of her children; and a younger person will have concerns about their siblings and mother. Medically significant mtDNA mutations should not be ignored, in the authors view, and their possible significance should be discussed with the familys medical practitioners. Overall, the discovery of potentially harmful mtDNA mutations may have many unexpected and undesirable consequences. Given the role of mitochondria as the cells powerhouse, there may be some leakage of the high-energy electrons in the respiratory chain to form reactive oxygen species. This can result in significantoxidative stress in the mitochondria with high mutation rates of mitochondrial DNA. A vicious cycle is thought to occur, as oxidative stress leads to mitochondrial DNA mutations, which can lead to enzymatic abnormalities and further oxidative stress. A number of changes occur to mitochondria during the aging process. Tissues from elderly patients show a decrease in enzymatic activity of the proteins of the respiratory chain. Large deletions in the mitochondrial genome can lead to high levels of oxidative stress and neuronal death in Parkinsons disease. Hypothesized links between aging and oxidative stress are not new and were proposed over 50 years ago however, there is much debate over whether mitochondrial changes are causes of aging or merely characteristics of aging. One notable study in mice demonstrated shortened lifespan but no increase in reactive oxygen species despite increasing mitochondrial DNA mutations, suggesting that mitochondrial DNA mutations can cause lifespan shortening by other mechanisms. As a result, the exact relationships between mitochondria, oxidative stress, and aging have not yet been settled.

Management and Contextual Factors Free Samples -Myassignment

Question: Examine Critical Issues related to Business and Management Context. Answer: The business organizations refer to the entities or group of individuals which collaborate to achieve certain commercial goals. The business organizations operate in a specific external environment. The external environment of the organization impacts its operations and business profitability. The management of the business organization also plays a crucial role in business development, collaboration with business partners and government (Alkhafaji Nelson, 2013). The business corporations have the same rights as other individuals. They can own property, hire employees, sue other or be sued. The business corporations have a specific business structure which depends upon the legal and regulatory system of the geographical location and the economic system of the country (Freeman, 2010). In the present context, the organization of Optus has been selected to gain the understanding of impact of contextual factors on the business decision making. Optus Australia is the second largest telec ommunication company and an independent subsidiary of SingTel, a Singapore telecommunication company. The company provides a range of services under in the telecommunication category such as providing telecommunication backbone, customer network and mobile telephony. The present essay will examine the internal and the external contextual factors which can impact on the managerial decisions of the organization. Optus is the leading telecommunication business organization in Australia. It is an independent subsidiary of the Singapore organization, SingTel. Although the company is an independent subsidiary of the company, its vision and mission are inspired by its parent company. The subsidiary and the parent company remain separate legal entities for liability, tax and the regulatory reasons; however, the parent company has significant control over the subsidiary. The amount of control that the parent company chooses to exercise depends upon the tax liability and the regulatory compliance requirements. Optus Telecommunication is a wholly owned subsidiary of SingTel, which means that all the common stock of the company is owned by the parent company. It remains an independent legal body; however, the day-to-day operations of the company are directed by the parent company. Therefore, the current organization structure of the company impacts on the success and the regular operations of the orga nization. Optus Telecommunication has established well-defined corporate governance process which has increased the efficiency of the organization (Optus, 2017). Along with the internal factors, there are a number of external factors which can impact on the operations of the organization. The external factors refer to the macro-environment factors which influence the operations of the organization; however, the organization cannot resist these factors (Kalay Lynn, 2016). The macro-environment factors can be categorized as the political factors, economic factors, social factors and the technological factors. These factors impacts the operations of the organization and the companies have to create strategies which make resist the negative impact of these factors (Freeman, 2010). In the telecommunication industry, the intervention of the government is significantly high. The government makes several laws regarding the bandwidth allocation, use, user privacy and the licensing requirements. There are a number of regulatory authorities in Australia such as Department of Broadband and Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. The companies ne ed to abide by the regulations and the privacy laws formulated by these agencies (Adekola Sergi, 2012). The economic factors are crucial in the business profitability of a company. All the business organizations benefits from robust and growing economy as it increase the profitability of the organization (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). The economy of Australia is developed and the customers are keen to spend money for the best services. In the telecommunication industry, the customers are attracted towards the 4G services, efficient and the fast telecommunication services. The taxation structure and the expenses of the business organization right on the pricing plan of the company. If the building of the towers and the resources is expensive in some geographical locations, it will drive the prices of the telecommunication companies in the organization. The social factors refer to the lifestyle, culture and other factors such as family, religion and wealth which can impact on the consumer behavior of the customers (Alkhafaji Nelson, 2013). The telecommunication companies have limited h orizontal growth. The establishment of the telecommunication infrastructure is expensive in the rural areas and the companies have limited options of horizontal growth. The customers are also attracted towards the fast services, discount offers and the network of the telecommunication organization. Presently, the customers are getting attracted towards the 4G services which are the latest technological development of the organization. The GDP of the organization is directly correlated with the consumer use of the internet and the calling services. The administration of the organization is responsible for taking the strategic decisions which can combat the impact of these contextual factors. Along with it, the business organizations should also make strategies to address the uncertainty in the near future. It refers to the likelihood and the impact of an event which can influence the achievement of the organizations objectives. The severity of the risks can be measured upon two factors, its likelihood or probability and the extent of its impact of consequences (Sadler, 2003). The corporate risk can arise due to the negligence of the poor market assessment, poor selection of suppliers, poor monitoring of competitor activities and poor responses to the economic downturns. The risk can be categorized as macro risk or micro risks. The macro risk focuses on the risk which can impact on all the companies in a particular industry. The micro risk refers to the risk associated with a particular industry. Other than that, there are also other kinds of risks such as legal risk, economic risk and societal risks (Thompson Martin, 2010). Optus is a telecommunication organization which deals in a highly regulated environment. The companies need to either transfer to mitigate the risks. The financial risks can occur when the organization is unable to extract values from the network assets and has poorly defined growth objectives. The political risk or the compliance risk can occur when the companies disregard the existing compliance and the regulatory laws. In the telecommunication sector, there are a number of laws related to privacy, security and market structure. The strategic risk can occur when the organization fails to develop strategies to achieve growth. It denotes that the organization is incapable of adopting faster innovation methods and understanding the needs of the customers. In this regard, the management of the organization has developed various strategies to mitigate the operational risks (EY, 2014). Th e company conducts regular audits to check its compliance to different regulatory laws. Moreover, the company also has a separate department for the business intelligence and market research. The company remains aware of the latest trends, competitors strategies and consumer preference to remain competitive in the organization (Kronsbein, Meiser Leyer, 2014). It has also implemented an advanced consumer service system to resolve the customer queries more quickly. The customer service is the most significant factor in building the customer loyalty in the companies. Therefore, it is important for the organizations to adopt customer-friendly services. The company also has a division for the strategy development and implementation. The strategic team of the organization is responsible of the strategy development and implementation (Thompson Martin, 2010). It evaluates the current competitive environment of the organization and identifies the emerging business opportunities. This department engages in extensive research to identify the upcoming opportunities for the organization (Bingemann, 2013). The management of the organization is uses the information collected by the department and uses it to provide a strategic growth and direction to the organization. Other than that, the research and development team of the organization is also focused on the innovation and invention so that the companies can offer innovative products to the customers (Optus Media, 2016). The organization practices and the operations also impact on the productivity of the organization (Hill Jones, 2011). A business organization can create a high performance work practice system to ensure that the employees are positively engaged with the organization and the system will be effective. In order to create a positive work culture, the organization uses following strategies, namely, power, information, knowledge and rewards. The employee should be given autonomy and knowledge so that they can function independently. The business organization should also create a reward system wherein the companies offer rewards according to the performance of the individual employees. Optus Telecommunication has adopted a number of strategies which can increase its competency in the market (Optus, 2017). It can be concluded that the contextual factors have a significant impact on the operations and the strategy development of the organization. The companies need to develop strategies so that they can combat the impact of these contextual factors. The organization structure and the corporate governance influences on the operations and the strategy development of the organization. The companies also need to consider the external factors such as the government policies, economic downturn and the customer preference in the strategic management of the organization. The organization can develop culture of high performance by engaging employees by providing them with power, autonomy and reward system References Optus. (2017). Governance. Retrieved 9 April 2017 from https://www.optus.com.au/about/sustainability/responsibility (2014). Top 10 risks in telecommunications 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2017 from https://www.ey.com/gl/en/industries/telecommunications/ey-top-10-risks-in-telecommunications-2014 Optus Media. (2016). Optus Accelerates Transformation Strategy. Freeman, R.E. (2010). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Cambridge University Press. Adekola, A., Sergi, B.S. (2012). Global Business Management: A Cross-Cultural Perspective Innovative Business Textbooks. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Nieuwenhuizen, C. (2007). Business Management for Entrepreneurs. Juta and Company Ltd. Bingemann, M. (2013). Strategy brightens up Optus image. Weekend Australian. Retrieved 9 April 2017 from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/strategy-brightens-up-optus-image/news-story/a7b0c4ef81c419026aad450cf57901de Sadler, P. (2003). Strategic Management. Kogan Page Publishers. Alkhafaji, A., Nelson, R.A. (2013). Strategic Management: Formulation, Implementation, and Control in a Dynamic Environment. Routledge. Thompson, J.L., Martin, F. (2010). Strategic Management: Awareness Change. Cengage Learning EMEA. Freeman, R.E. (2010). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Cambridge University Press. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R., Schilling, M.A. (2014). Strategic Management: Theory: An Integrated Approach. Cengage Learning. Hill, C.W.L., Jones, G.R. (2011). Essentials of Strategic Management. Cengage Learning. Kalay, F., Lynn, G.S. (2016). The Impact of Organizational Structure on Management Innovation: An Empirical Research in Turkey. Journal of Business, Economics and Finance 5(1), 125-137. Kronsbein, D., Meiser, D., Leyer, M. (2014). Conceptualisation of Contextual Factors for Business Process Performance. Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2014 Vol I.